The Science of How Slime Works

You know about slime. Youve either made it as a science project or blown the natural version out of your nose. Do you know what makes slime different from a regular liquid? Heres a look at the science of what slime is, how it forms, and its special properties. What Is Slime? Slime flows like a liquid, but unlike familiar liquids (e.g., oil, water), its ability to flow, or viscosity, is not constant. So its a fluid, but not a regular liquid. Scientists call a material that changes viscosity a non-Newtonian fluid. The technical explanation is that slime is a fluid that changes its ability to resist deformation according to shear or tensile stress. What this means is, when you pour slime or let it ooze through your fingers, it has a low viscosity and flows like a thick liquid. When you squeeze a non-Newtonian slime, like oobleck, or pound it with your fist, it feels hard, like a wet solid. This is because applying stress squeezes the particles in the slime together, making it hard for them to slide against each other. Most types of slime are also examples of polymers. Polymers are molecules made by linking together chains of subunits. Examples A natural form of slime is mucous, which consists mainly of water, the glycoprotein mucin, and salts. Water is the main ingredient in some types of human-made slime, too. The classic science project slime recipe mixes glue, borax, and water. Oobleck is a mixture of starch and water. Other types of slime are mainly oils rather than water. Examples include Silly Putty and electroactive slime. How It Works The specifics of how a type of slime works depends on its chemical composition, but the basic explanation is that chemicals are mixed to form polymers. The polymers act as a net, with molecules sliding against each other. For a specific example, consider the chemical reactions that produce classic glue-and-borax slime: Two solutions are combined to make classic slime. One is diluted school glue, or polyvinyl alcohol in water. The other solution is borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) in water.Borax dissolves in water into sodium ions, Na, and tetraborate ions.The tetraborate ions react with water to produce the OH- ion and boric acid:B4O72-(aq) 7 H2O — 4 H3BO3(aq) 2 OH-(aq)Boric acid reacts with water to form borate ions:H3BO3(aq) 2 H2O — B(OH)4-(aq) H3O(aq)Hydrogen bonds form between the borate ion and the OH groups of the polyvinyl alcohol molecules from the glue, linking them together to form a new polymer: slime. The cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol traps a lot of water, so slime is wet. You can adjust the consistency of slime by controlling the ratio of glue to borax. If you have an excess of diluted glue compared with a borax solution, youll limit the number of cross-links that can form and get a more fluid slime. You can also adjust the recipe by limiting the amount of water that you use. For example, you could mix the borax solution directly with glue, producing a very stiff slime.

The History of African Americans in Film Essay - 2066 Words

Minstrel shows were developed in the 1840s and reached its peak after the Civil War. They managed to remain popular into the early 1900s. The Minstrel shows were shows in which white performers would paint their faces black and act the role of an African American. This was called black facing. The minstrel show evolved from two types of entertainment popular in America before 1830: the impersonation of blacks given by white actors between acts of plays or during circuses, and the performances of black musicians who sang, with banjo accompaniment, in city streets. The father of American minstrelsy was Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice, who between 1828 and 1831 developed a song-and-dance routine in which he impersonated an old, crippled†¦show more content†¦Tambo) at one end and a performer on the bone castanets (Mr. Bones) at the other, the singing of songs with harmonized choruses, the exchange of jokes between the endmen and the performer in the center seat (Mr. Interlocutor), a nd the introduction of special variety acts at the conclusion of the bill. Though many of these shows claimed that these were true African American songs that had been brought back by people who had observed plantation slaves, this wasn?t necessarily true. For example one of the more common songs such as ?Jim Crow?by Thomas Rice was simply inspired by a crippled African American that Rice had seen dancing and singing a song with the chorus of ?Wheel about, an turn about, an do jis so, Ebry time I wheel about, I jump Jim Crow.? Many people were lead to believe that this was how every African American sang and danced and failed to realize that this was simply the way one man did it. Actual African American actors were rare at the time. There were only a few African Americans that actually appeared on stage and those who did only had minor roles such as servants or shoe shiners. This was mainly because the world was used to African Americans being slaves doing jobs such as these and pe ople weren?t ready to accept African Americans as equals yet. There had however been several attempts of African American stage performance such as New York?s African Grove theater. This theater was foundedShow MoreRelatedAfrican-American History Since 1877 Film Analysis1165 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Analysis Gregory Hamlin HIST 222. 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Classical vs. Modern music Essay Example For Students

Classical vs. Modern music Essay Classical Music vs.. Modern Music Classical and Modern music have many differences as well as similarities. In this paper, I compare classical and modern-day music through a means of artists, performances, and specific pieces. Although modern and classical music have different meanings, for example classical music back in the early 19th century was only played for the rich and royal and took some composers multiple months to compose, while modern music can be created in Just hours with electronic sounds instead of musical instruments and listened to by anyone, compositions of each can hare similar beats, rhythms, and melodies that connect them to each other. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Syllabus, Austria. He was born to an overbearing and ambitious father, Leopold, who was more than anxious to exploit his sons amazing musical gifts. Mozart began composing at an early age, and he began touring around the same time. Throughout his life, Mozart made many enemies, many his own fault, through his naive arrogance and harsh critique of his musical colleagues. He worked anxiously, composing symphonies and operas, as well as touring constantly. Mozart died of overwork and kidney failure on the 5th of December 1791 while still ironically at work on the Requiem Mass for an unknown client. Though he lived for a relatively short time, Mozart prolific musical career, in which he composed hundreds of musical works, gained him a place among the all time greatest composers. Henry Festivities was born in 1820 in Verviers, Belgium, a fertile ground for violinists. He had his first lessons from his father, a weaver and amateur violin-maker and player. Festivities made his first public appearance as a violinist at the age of six, playing a concerto by Rode. In 1836, Festivities wrote his first violin concerto, the Concerto No. 2 in F sharp minor, published as Opus 19. In 1843 and 1844 he toured America and during that time, he wrote his Concerto No. 3, Opus 25, a work now as a great poem rather than a concerto, influenced by Beethovens Violin Concerto. In his later years, Festivities devoted much of his time to teaching, but suffered a stroke in 1871, making virtuoso playing impossible. Afterwards, in 1877 he resumed teaching and conducting in Paris. Illness led finally to his resignation in 1879, but he continued to compose, completing his Concerto No. In G Major, Opus 47, and soon thereafter Concerto No. 7 in A minor, Opus 49. He died in 1881 and was buried in his hometown of Verviers. I was able to get old of a recorded version of Mostly Mozart Festival, Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center. This musical performance included three works from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Symphony No. 32 in G, K. 318, Piano Concerto in D minor, K. 466 and Symphony No. 35 in D, K. 385 (Huffier) and one from Henry Festivities Violin Concerto No. 5. Emmanuel Ukraine conducted the performance, with featured soloists Joshua Bell (Festivities violin concerto) and Stewart Goodyear (Mozart piano ancestor). A full orchestra performed the symphonies. Overall, the Mostly Mozart Festival was a tremendously enjoyable experience to watch. The qualities that define the works of Mozart are often the same as those that are used to describe those of the classical period of music, from his smooth melodies and flowing rhythm, to his Classical vs.. Modern music By Halley-Guerrilla the most defining principles of the style of Mozart is the connection to nature and God, and the seeming oneness and harmony that can be achieved simply by listening while the melodies take you too higher plane of thought. The most enjoyable piece from the performance was Allegro, from Mozart Concerto in Dim. .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .postImageUrl , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:hover , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:visited , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:active { border:0!important; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:active , .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cf57eb82f4501bf81fe0564718206af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hudson Project Musical Festival EssayIt is unbelievable the way he crafted and rhythmically shaped this piece. One of the most outstanding elements of this piece is the harmony created between the piano and the strings as they accompany each other with seeming perfection. The resulting experience is exciting to say the least. Accentuating the piece even more was the performance by the virtuoso pianist, Stewart Goodyear. Although still in his early twenties, this musical genius has already far surpassed many of his interpolates and his solos are breathtaking, as he routinely improvises and takes even the most perfect piece to new heights. In addition to Mozart, the performance also included a Violin concerto by Henry Festivities, a romantic era violin virtuoso, with Joshua Bell performing on the violin. Festivities uses many of the attributes of the romantic era, such as an incredible freedom of movement and rubout time, which leaves much up to interpretation by the performer. Perhaps the most exhilarating part of this piece was the solo performance of the violin, as the incredible speed along with dramatic dynamic mess to flow in such a way that would not seem possible. It would be logical to assume that the other people who watched this performance shared this opinion, as response was very powerful, and lasted for some time. In the more modern era, Claude-Michel Schoenberg was born in Paris in 1944 of Hungarian parents; he began his career as a singer, writer and producer of popular songs. He wrote the musical score of La Revolution Praises in 1973, Less Mis ©rabbles in 1980 and Miss Saigon minion. Since then he has also supervised overseas productions of Less Mis ©rabbles ND Miss Saigon and co-produced several international cast albums of his shows. He is currently working on a new production of his last musical Martin Gruyere. He lives in Paris with his wife and two children. Herbert Krimmer was born in South Africa, where he began his Journalistic career writing the commentary for a weekly movie newsreel. In 1960 he Joined the staff of the Daily Express and later became its chief drama critic, a post he held for 18 years, covering about 3000 first nights. From 1979 to 1987 he wrote television criticism for the Daily Mail, winning two national press awards. Krimmer wrote the book and lyrics of the West End musical Our Man Creighton, which starred Kenneth More and Emollient Martin, and the lyrics for The four Musketeers. For his Less Mis ©rabbles lyrics he received Tony and Grammar awards. In 1996 he was elected an Honorary Doctor of Letters at Richmond College. I was lucky enough to see the Broadway performance of Less Mis ©rabbles in New York a couple years back. Mis ©rabbles, Imperial Theater, Broadway, perhaps the most popular and best loved musical on Broadway, Less Mis ©rabbles contains some of the most defining elements of the modern musical. The composer is able to convey many moods, from Joyous to sad, as well as provide a perfect platform for the lyrics, which comprise almost all of the spoken language of the musical. The moods are perhaps the most noticeable element of the musical, for example, the feeling end of the scale, there is the hostile emptiness felt in On My Own, a song about unknown and one-sided love. There is also a very noticeable flow to the entire performance, one that seems to be moving along and carrying the story. It is very instinctual and subconscious at the same time, providing for a very pleasant experience altogether. Working hand in hand with the instrumental aspect, the lyrics of Less Mis ©rabbles lend themselves wholly to the mood of the pieces. From Can You Hear the People Sing, a march drumming up support for the upcoming revolution, to A Little Fall of Rain, in which a dying Opinion professes her hidden love, the lyrics portray perfectly the mood and complement the music wholly. The success of these portrayals is reflected by the response of the audience, which was energetic and highly appreciative. When comparing the two performances, it is important to notice the influence that one may have had on another. .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .postImageUrl , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:hover , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:visited , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:active { border:0!important; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:active , .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5 .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua42a63a79275d63b3430d68358f68dc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Issues and Music EssayFor example, the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had a terrific impact on the musical world, and later, practically every musician is influenced in some way by his input. Therefore, it would be logical to assume that Schoenberg was influenced by the works of Mozart. Though they vary in elements such as instruments as well as words, many have much in common, such as structure, which follows a basic formula of repeating melodies and reprisals. They also share much in the sense of flow, tones, and dynamics. The effect of both performances on me as a listener was a good one. Not only have both exposed me to arioso sides of the musical world, they have also increased my knowledge and understanding of music, as well as its roots and the relationships between different genres. The final facts are not only relevant because I thoroughly enjoyed both performances, but also because I was experiencing a diversity of styles and compositions. Through exposure to different forms of musical interpretation, it is possible to understand better how music evolves and how it becomes part of our culture and shapes the way we live, as well as how it is used as a form of communication, and helps us better understand ourselves.

PG case study free essay sample

Brand equity can be defined as the added value awarded on products and services. It may be reflected in the way consumers think, feel, and act with respect to the brand, as well as in the prices, market share, and profitability the brand commands (Kotler Keller, 2009). Additionally, Brand equity is an intangible asset built up by a company overtime by building awareness, having a well-known name or a clear identity, consistent communications, marketing to the consumer, acting socially responsible, and spending on advertising and promoting the brand. Procter Gamble (PG) has been known to be one of the most skillful marketers of consumer packaged goods and also the company holds one of the most powerful groups of trusted brands. Developing brand equity is vital as it allows companies to more effectively engage with their customer base in such a way that drives brand loyalty, allowing the business to grow further. We will write a custom essay sample on PG case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page PG energies brand loyalty due to its numerous capabilities and philosophies. Some of the capabilities are huge market research and intelligence gathering, active product innovation, brand management system and also quality strategy in which the company designs and improve products of high quality in ways that matter to consumers. Therefore, developing brand equity is important because the products associated with the brand command a premium price in the market and is perceived to be higher quality when compared to the similar generic unbranded products. Brand equity also offers competitive advantages by reducing the marketing costs to companies that enjoy high â€Å"Brand Equity† such as PG as a result of high brand awareness and loyalty and thus enhances their earnings. 2. What are the key factors when considering a brand strategy? A branding strategy categorizes which brand elements a company chooses to apply across the various products it sells (Kotler Keller, 2009). Firstly, market size can be considered as a factor when considering a brand strategy. When the market size for the product is large or small, the company can choose to use product branding strategy or existing brand respectively. Another factor can be innovativeness and technology; entirely new product category or a major technology breakthrough presents special problems in branding. The company has to make sure that the success of the product brings recognition to the company. PG is an active product innovator, devotes about $2 billion every year to RD and part of its innovation process is to develop brands that offer new consumer benefits. Competitive situations could be another factor. When the competition is fierce, there is a huge need to highly differentiate the product offering. This requires communicating specific consumer benefit and the brands personality dimensions. Furthermore, marketing costs is another factor to consider. PG’s purpose for internationalizing the brands is economies of scale and scope. What is successful in one country is simply brought to another. Each single brand does not necessarily exist in all markets. For instance, the cost advantage with PG’s type of branding strategy, which is product branding, is as mentioned previously economies of scale and scope.

Desert Ecosystem

Introduction An ecosystem can be described as an environment that is biological and includes all living organisms that could be found in that area. It also includes physical components, which are nonliving, in the area. Examples include the air, sunlight, water and soil. It also describes how the biological organisms interact with these nonliving things in their habitat. Therefore, a desert ecosystem can simply be described as living organisms in a desert together with how they interact with their desert environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Desert Ecosystem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ecosystem is present in most parts of the world. It can as well be found in the United State of America, especially North America. These deserts are mostly found between the east of Sierra Mandrel Oriental and the mostly Rocky Mountains. There is also the Transverse, Peninsular Ranges and Sierra Nevada that are maj orly due to the western rain shadow. To cut the chase, there are about 3 greatest deserts in North America. Chihuahuan Desert covers Texas, Mexico, Arizona and New Mexico and is about 140,000 sq miles. Sonoran Desert covers California, Mexico and Arizona and is approximately 120,000 sq miles. Mojave Desert covers Utah, Nevada, California and Arizona and is about 22,000 sq miles (Defenders, 2007). Others include Alvord Desert in the County of Harney south-eastern parts of Oregon, Amargosa in Nevada County of Nye and Baja in California. Desert climate could be defined as one that does not stand a chance of being classified as polar climate. It is thus characterized by very low amounts of precipitation which is always not enough to enable the proper blossoming of vegetation and hence the term arid climate. Precipitation in desert areas would mostly be less than 250mm each year. Although some area might experience more than 250 mm of precipitation, these areas would end up losing more i n form of vapor and hence end up still retaining their desert nature. The mean temperature varies from an average of 180 C for hot deserts to between 0 and -30C for cold deserts. Additionally, these desert environments would always have an annual precipitation The type of vegetation in this ecosystem has drastically been made to adapt to these harsh climatic conditions. Therefore, these many plants have ended up thriving in these conditions. Such an example is the famous cactus called saguaro which could be found mostly in the Sonoran desert. Other cactus plants include prickly pear organ pipe and many others. Shrubs are also found in these places for example the desert sunflower in the Baja California. Xeric shrubs can also be found in these ecological regions. They however create some varied associations that are based on conditions of the soil and the general elevation. Therefore to summaries, these desert ecosystems would normally have shrubs and cactus forming the major part of their vegetation.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just like any other place, there would be animals that are specially adapted to these desert conditions. Snakes and lizards form the first batch of wildlife that is adapted to these harsh climatic conditions. This is due to their ability to survive scarce water conditions due to their thick hardy skin or sometimes spiny to prevent water loss. Some of the other animals in the desert include the Mexican gray wolf or the famously called el lobo in the Sonaran desert (Elora, 2003). Other wildlife in this desert is the mountain lion, horned owl and the all too famous rattlesnake. Most of the animals in these hot places are usually buff colored or a bit light gray. This is usually so as to provide adequate amount of camouflage. It also acts as a form of preventing absorption of light. Most of these animals could as well be found in other North American Deserts. A typical food chain in the ecosystem includes the shrubs or cactus acting as the autotrophs or producers. In deserts like the Baja desert, the major consumer of this vegetation is the Mule deer. The deer along with other herbivores like the Desert Bighorn sheep forms the second level of the food chain. Unfortunately for them, they become the major target of other omnivores and carnivores like the mountain lion and the coyote. However, it all comes down to the decomposers like bacteria who form the fourth level in the food chain (Amsheri, 2005). These organisms feed on dead plants and animals eventually returning the nutrients to the soil where. An example of a prey/Predator relationship that exists in these deserts is the one between the Big Horn sheep and the Kit fox in the Sonoran Desert. Another relationship is between the coyotes and other small animals in the Baja desert like the rats. Environmental issues in play in these deserts include the threat from the human population. This is from game hunting and overgrazing in the little remaining shrubs in the desert. This is especially true in the California desert of Baja. Other environmental issues affecting this desert include the continuing expansion of the desert due to increasingly higher global temperatures. References Amsheri, A. (2005). Desert Food Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Desert Ecosystem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Defenders. (2007). Desert Habitat Facts. Web. Elora, P. (2003). Sonoran Desert. Web. This essay on Desert Ecosystem was written and submitted by user Kourtney Madden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Germanys Capital Moves from Bonn to Berlin

Germany's Capital Moves from Bonn to Berlin Following the fall of the Berlin Wall  in 1989, the two independent countries on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain⠁  - East Germany and West Germany⠁  - worked toward unifying after more than 40 years as separate entities. With that unification came the question, What city should be the capital of a newly united Germany⠁  - Berlin or Bonn? A Vote to Decide the Capital With the raising of the German flag on October 3, 1990, the two former countries (the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany) merged to become one unified Germany. With that merger, a decision had to be made about what would be the new capital. The capital of pre-World War II Germany had been Berlin, and the capital of East Germany had been East Berlin. West Germany moved the capital city to Bonn following the split into two countries. Following unification, Germanys parliament, the Bundestag, initially began meeting in Bonn. However, under the initial conditions of the Unification Treaty between the two countries, the city of Berlin was also reunified and became, at least in name, the capital of reunified Germany.   A narrow vote of the Bundestag on June 20, 1991, of  337 votes for Berlin and 320 votes for Bonn, decided that the Bundestag and many government offices would ultimately and officially relocate from Bonn to Berlin. The vote was narrowly split, and most members of parliament voted along geographic lines. From Berlin to Bonn, Then Bonn to Berlin Prior to the division of Germany following World War II, Berlin was the capital of the country.  With the division into East Germany and West Germany, the city of Berlin (completely surrounded by East Germany) was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin, divided by the Berlin Wall. Since West Berlin could not serve as a practical capital city for West Germany, Bonn was chosen as an alternative. The process to build Bonn as a capital city took about eight years and more than $10 billion.   The 370-mile (595-kilometer) move from Bonn to Berlin in the northeast was often delayed by construction problems, plan changes, and bureaucratic immobilization. More than 150 national embassies had to be constructed or developed in order to serve as the foreign representation in the new capital city.   Finally, on  April 19, 1999, the German Bundestag met in the Reichstag building in Berlin, signaling the transfer of the capital of  Germany  from Bonn to Berlin. Prior to 1999, the German parliament had not met in the Reichstag since the Reichstag Fire of 1933. The newly renovated Reichstag included a glass dome, symbolizing a new Germany and a new capital. Bonn Now the Federal City A 1994 act in Germany established that Bonn would retain the status as the second official capital of Germany and as the second official home of the Chancellor and of the President of Germany. In addition, six governmental ministries (including defense) were to maintain their headquarters in Bonn. Bonn is called the Federal City for its role as the second capital of Germany. According to the New York Times, as of 2011, Of the 18,000 officials employed in the federal bureaucracy, more than 8,000 are still in Bonn. Bonn has a fairly small population (over 318,000) for its significance as the Federal City or second capital city of Germany, a country of more than 80 million (Berlin is home to nearly 3.4 million). Bonn has been  jokingly referred to in German as Bundeshauptstadt ohne nennenswertes Nachtleben (Federal capital without noteworthy nightlife). Despite its small size, many (as evidenced by the close vote of the  Bundestag) had hoped that the quaint university city of Bonn would become the modern home of reunified Germanys capital city.   Problems With Having Two Capital Cities Some Germans today question the inefficiencies of having more than one capital city. The cost to fly people and documents between Bonn and Berlin on an ongoing basis costs millions of euros each year. Germanys government could become much more efficient if time and money were not wasted on transportation time, transportation costs, and redundancies due to retaining Bonn as the second capital. At least for the foreseeable  future, Germany will retain Berlin as its capital and Bonn as a mini-capital city. Resources and Further Reading Cowell, Alan. â€Å"In Germanys Capitals, Cold War Memories and Imperial Ghosts.† The New York Times, 23 June 2011.

The art and Science of Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The art and Science of Teaching - Essay Example Because of this, the academia has continuously tried to define and categorize teaching, in order to determine and improve its efficacy. These attempts of categorization have often led to perceiving teaching variously as â€Å"science† and â€Å"art†, pitting one definition against the other. Students can be from different age groups, regions, social backgrounds, may be eager or not so keen to learn, may have different personalities. The same goes for teachers. Subjects may vary from micro biology to dancing and all the other things between and beyond. Despite this diversity, or perhaps because of it, there is an undeniable need for standardized teaching techniques, so that the extraneous factors affect the learning process but little, and maximum knowledge is imparted effectively to maximum number of students, in the shortest possible time. This calls for a scientific approach to teaching, which recommends the use of a pre-determined methodology to aid learning. The application of operant conditioning to education is simple and direct. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement under which students learn.....Teachers arrange special contingencies which expedite learning, hastening the appearance of behavior which would otherwise be acquired slowly. (Skinner, 1968) Proponents who perceive teaching as a science believe that it is possible to eliminate chance from the process of education, which can be ordered, monitored and controlled, much like in a scientific experiment. According to them, this can be achieved by the careful choice of learning materials and the rate at which they are introduced, modulated student-teacher interactions, and most importantly, an unbiased focus on learning outcomes. Teaching, like science, is at its best when it is passionate. But like good scientists (and unlike artists) teachers need not--should not be captivated by their own performance.